A review of recent research in the field of underwater wireless optical communications conducted by foreign and domestic scientific teams is presented. Existing problems encountered by researchers when developing underwater wireless communications lines under various operating conditions are described. Approaches applicable to underwater wireless optical communications lines under various propagation environment parameters are described. Achievements in the field of underwater wireless optical communications capable of providing data transmission at speeds of up to tens of Gbit/s over distances of several meters are presented. Design solutions depending on the conditions and tasks of wireless underwater optical communications systems related to the choice of transmitter wavelengths, the number of transmitters, and their types are described. An important direction in the development of wireless underwater optical communication is the prospect of using groups of underwater and surface autonomous devices.